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Korean parts of speech terms


_joseph_
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#  Posted: 17 Dec 2006 00:51 KST - Edited by: _joseph_
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This post contains definitions of grammatical terms in Korean and English.

조사 -- particles


조사: 가, 도, 의, 은, 과, 을, 밖에, 은, 는, 을, 까지, 부터, 이다
these particles all have a meaning which is dealt with in separate posts. Some are called `prepositions` in English, others have no correspondent in English.
Just look at http://ezcorean.com/korean_grammar/Particles to find the one which interests you.
The term 조사 may be translated as particle or marker, and they may also be referred to as auxiliary word particles.
They are used on the end of nouns, and are not separated from them by any spaces.

There are a few types of 조사.


  1. The first type is 격조사. 격조사 [格助詞] has the following sub-types as well. A 격조사 is a type of speech marker, because the 격 can be translated as case or declension, meaning grammatical case or part of speech. As you can see from this definition, yes, these are important.


    • 목적격 조사 .. marks the direct object.
      -를 is a 목적격조사 a grammatical object particle. 목적 means object.
      It is used when you signal that the word preceding the 를 is the object of a verb.
    • 부사격 조사 ... marks something as an adverb
    • 서술격 조사 (다/이다)
    • 보격 조사 (가/이)
    • 관형정 조사 (marks something as an adjective, as for relative clauses or for 의)
    • -와/과 is a 공동 격조사 is a together (?) object particle or it may also be referred to as a 접속 조사 which connects 2 things, makes them closer to each other. It means that there are, for example, another subject for the verb.
      You can visit this url to explain what the difference is.


  2. 보조사 do not determine the part of speech of the 체언 (noun) that they are appended to; they determine additional meaning. Examples are: 는/은, 도, 만, 부터, 까지, 야, 마저, 조차, 라도.



체언: a noun, a pronoun, or a 수사 (a number). This often becomes the subject of a sentence.
조사 are attached to a 체언.

어미 and the verb stem to which they are attached



조사 are directly attached to the 체언 and not separated by a space. 어미 also are attached, but to verbs, and they form things that change the meaning of the verb by adding intention, guessing, degree of certainty, tense, expectation, surprise, etc.

어간 means the stem of a verb
어미 are the tail endings, which often change and are studied in Korean conversational classes.
the definitions in korean are:

여기에서 바뀌지 않는 부분을 어간이라고 하고, 바뀌는 부분을 어미라고 합니다.


By the way, one of the most popular 어미 is the 어/아 어미.

terms related to sentence structure



adjectives/verbs are very closely related; see the separate topic. Again, these terms do not directly mean much when applied to Korean.

verbs are also called 용언, as explained in the following section, the 용언 in this sentence is the verb 받았다.

혜진이는 우등상을 받았다.
이 문장에서 풀이말은 무엇인가요? 그래요, `받았다`가 풀이말이에요.
이런 풀이말을 용언이라고 합니다.

풀이말 means predicate. So does 서술어. In this case, 풀이말 though refers just to the main verb of the predicate.

Korean also has adverbs which in Korean are called 부사

a 접미사:

명사나 어간 뒤에 붙어서 그 뜻을 돕거나 품사를 바꾸는 말의 가장 작은 단위

a 접미사 is anything which is attached to an 어간 (용언 verb/adjective stem) and which changes the part of speech ... for example, to a noun or to an adverb.
some examples are:
덮 + 게 → 덮게 (to cover)
굵 + 직하다 → 굵직하다 ()


sentence types:

declarative 서술 ..... The cat is on the table
interrogative 의문 .... ?
imperative 명령 .... you do that ....
propositive 청유 .... let`s ....


other terms



관형사 [冠形詞] is something which comes before a noun, precedes it, modifies it, but is not an adjective. examples given above are that, one, and the word meaning complete. Examples:


`순 우리말’의 ‘순’ the 순 in 순 우리말 pure Korean
`저 어린이’의 ‘저
`한 사람’의 ‘한’


공대어 : respectful, courtesyful address

낮춤말: familiar speech

서술어가 명사: predicate or noun clause

간접화법: indirect speech

수동태 the passive voice (used when describing English grammar)

누동태 the active voice (used when describing English grammar)

피동사 (被動詞) a passive verb (these do not exist in English)

능동사 (能動詞) an active verb? This is a verb which shows activity performed by the subject which acts of its own accord. Examples are the active verbs in the following:

철수가 친구를 업다 he carried Chulsoo on his back
`아이가 밥을 먹다` the child ate the rice.
`사냥꾼이 토끼를 잡다` The hunter catch the hare



사동사 (使動詞): causative verbs, where 문장의 주체가 자기 스스로 행하지 않고 남에게 그 행동이나 동작을 하게 함을 나타내는 동사 the subject of the sentence does not act of its own accord but is made to act by something or somebody else.

the opposite of a 사동사 is a 주동사 (a main/principal verb) [I am unclear about the details about this. Apparently there is also a 준동사 in English grammar]

경어법: korean for levels of formality used when speaking


_joseph_
site admin
Posts: 119,684
native english
#  Posted: 21 Aug 2008 23:01 KST - Edited by: _joseph_
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Additional korean parts of speech terms are here at hanyangowl.org

_joseph
site admin
Posts: 828
native english
#  Posted: 7 Aug 2009 16:55 KST - Edited by: _joseph
... Re-Sideview ...

관형형 어미 are word endings (which of course come on the ends of words because they are 어미 which do so by definition). Unlike the 관형 mentioned above which precede and are separated from the words by a space, these are directly appended onto the stem .

examples : ~(으)ㄴ/던

관형 means a relative clause, or anything that modifies a noun. For example, 의 (which shows possession) is the most often given as an example of them.



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